(a) Sangam poems are devoid of any reference to material culture.

(b) The social classification of Varna was known to Sangam poets.

(c) Sangam poems have no reference to warrior ethics.

(d) Sangam literature refers to magical forces as irrational.

Answer: b

Explanation:

●  Sangam poems contain several incidental references to material culture, often as part of the poem setting or in similes and allusions.

These are references to farming [ rice and barley are mentioned], battle rearing, and fishing. There are also several references to iron. Kuruntokai refers to iron-tipped arrows.

Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.

●  The social classification of varna was known to Sangam poets. There is mention of Arashar [kings], Vaishiyar [traders], and Velalar [farmers]

Hence, statement 2 is correct.

●  Sangam poems are pervaded with warrior ethics. The goals of the hero of the Puram poems were pukal [glory fame] and a heroic death was greatly valued and his spirit will live in paradise. 

●  In Sangam literature, “Puram” poems praised the valour and generosity of kings, whereas “akam” poems speak of love between men and women.

Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

●  Sangam literature reflects a belief in sacred or magical forces called ananku that were supposed to inhabit various objects.

Hence, statement 4 is incorrect.

Read: Previous Year UPSC History Questions (PYQs) With Explanation 2022